![]() Not all cultures and countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts, and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated on by courts. In academia and in industry, it is a serious ethical offense. Plagiarism is typically not in itself a crime, but like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a court for prejudices caused by copyright infringement, violation of moral rights, or torts. As such, a person or entity that is determined to have committed plagiarism is often subject to various punishments or sanctions, such as suspension, expulsion from school or work, fines, imprisonment, and other penalties. ![]() Although precise definitions vary depending on the institution, in many countries and cultures plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and journalistic ethics, as well as social norms around learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect, and responsibility. Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. Doe, who is writing an essay about the Trojan War, has therefore committed plagiarism by attempting to pass off the writing as his own without sourcing the original article. In this example, the introductory paragraph of the Wikipedia article for the Trojan War (top) has been copy-and-pasted into a Microsoft Word document by John Doe (bottom). A demonstration of how an individual may replicate text from another source to intentionally deceive a reader into believing they wrote the text themselves.
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